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build/_sources/index.rst.txt

+68 −68
Original line number Diff line number Diff line
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ formula : 
.. math::

   :label: ud



   UD(t+1) = UD(t) + c^2 \times {M(t) \over N(t)} 

   \mathit{UD}(t+1) = \mathit{UD}(t) + c^2 \times {M(t) \over N(t)}



Duniter is based on a decentralized Blockchain. This technical choice

allows irreversibility of transaction and uncensorability of trades and
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ The informations are relevant for the v13 of the Duniter Protocol. 
.. _state-of-the-art-bitcoin-case:



State of the art: Bitcoin case

-------------------------------

------------------------------



.. raw:: html
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ technical aspects. 
.. _monetary-creation-a-space-time-asymmetry:



Monetary creation of Bitcoin: a space-time asymmetry

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



Space-time asymmetry refers to the relative access of individuals to

newly created money [#RTM]_. Concretely, most existing currencies (c. 2020)
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ Trust principles, that will be exposed later. 
.. _proof-of-work-mining-a-power-race:



Proof-of-Work mining: a power race

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



In Bitcoin Model, the calculation and incentive principles cause a power

race: new Bitcoins are created for the owners of the most numerous,
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ the participation of low-end hardware in the Duniter network, leading to 
a better decentralization of blockchain validation.



What about Proof of Stake?

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^



Proof of stake consensus algorythm was first introduced in 2012 [#PPCoin]_.

The basic principle is to allow the richest wallets to issue blocks,
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ into few principles: 
   legitimate identity.



The aim of the WoT is to identify a blockchain account to a living

human. According to Lauterbach et.al [#CouchSurf]_, the strengh of a relationship

human. According to Lauterbach et al. [#CouchSurf]_, the strengh of a relationship

should be considered when building a vouch system. For this reason, the

Ğ1 Web of Trust rules are expressed in a licence stating what WoT

certifications are. A certification represents a strong human
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ parameters individually, while Duniter sets rules for 
the whole community in the block #0, and don't let users chose their particular parameters.



Why do we need a Web of Trust?

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



There are two reasons we need it:
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ communication network. 
.. _graph-theory-vocabulary:



A few foundational concepts on graph theory: a bit of vocabulary

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



-  **Graph**: set of points -called ‘vertices’- joined by edges -called

   paths/walks-.
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ defining what a ‘referent member’ is: 
   .. math:: 

      :label: referent_member

      

      D \geq {CEIL (N^{-1} \over stepmax)}

      D \geq {CEIL ({N^{-1} \over stepmax})}



   As the size of the web will grow this number will grow too, meaning it will

   take more certification issuances to become a referent member. The
@@ -867,7 +867,7 @@ to allow one to certify at the end of every working week -five days- 
instead of a whole calendar one.



Trust me now, trust me forever? (``sigValidity``, ``msValidity``)

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^



There would be two main drawbacks to a lifetime membership in the Ğ1’s

Web of Trust:
@@ -1002,7 +1002,7 @@ consumption compared to BitCoin : an “ecological” PoW ? 
.. _why-proof-of-work:



Why do we need Proof of Work?

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



Duniter nodes share a database as part of a p2p environment. The proof

of work (PoW) allows machines to synchronize with each other. In
@@ -1051,7 +1051,7 @@ a privacy-first internet cube. 
.. _how-does-duniter-pow-work:



How does it work?

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



.. _the-hash:
@@ -1084,7 +1084,7 @@ blocktime creation by increasing itself if the creation interval drops 
under ``avgGenTime`` and vice-versa.



How is difficulty applied?

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''

''''''''''''''''''''''''''



The numeric value of difficulty is taken from an array of possible

hashes out of all possible hashes. In DUBPv13 the hash of a block is its
@@ -1186,7 +1186,7 @@ meaning that if there are fifteen members currently forging, the 
member’s exclusion factor will drop down to one after five blocks.



What is intended by “the number of members forging”?

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''



We mean the number of members trying to create the next block. In

reality, there is no way to precisely know how many members are
@@ -1399,13 +1399,13 @@ libre Currency can be issued thanks to the Universal Dividend. 
More than that, Duniter proposes a new model for securing a Blockchain

in an efficient and decentralized way. Basing the security on a Web of

Trust with an individualised security makes the calculation rules more

fair. A side-effect of this choice is a network consisting mostly of

fair. A side effect of this choice is a network consisting mostly of

low-end computers, maintaining a good security and helping

decentralization of calculation.



The ultimate goal of Duniter project is to allow people to participate

in a libre economy, thanks to a libre currency. What is a libre economy

? The Relative Theory of Money defines it through four economic

in a libre economy, thanks to a libre currency. What is a libre economy?

The Relative Theory of Money defines it through four economic

liberties:



-  The freedom to choose your currency system: because money should not
@@ -1425,8 +1425,8 @@ get it, this is the goal: free economy through free currency. 


.. _sources:



Sources :

---------

Sources

-------



.. [#Bitcoin]

   Bitcoin Whitepaper, S.Nakamoto, 2008:

build/_static/basic.css

+39 −19
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@@ -15,6 +15,12 @@ div.clearer { 
    clear: both;

}



div.section::after {

    display: block;

    content: '';

    clear: left;

}



/* -- relbar ---------------------------------------------------------------- */



div.related {
@@ -328,8 +334,8 @@ p.sidebar-title { 
    font-weight: bold;

}



div.admonition, div.topic, pre, div[class|="highlight"] {

    clear: both;

div.admonition, div.topic, blockquote {

    clear: left;

}



/* -- topics ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
@@ -338,7 +344,6 @@ div.topic { 
    border: 1px solid #ccc;

    padding: 7px;

    margin: 10px 0 10px 0;

    overflow-x: auto;

}



p.topic-title {
@@ -353,7 +358,6 @@ div.admonition { 
    margin-top: 10px;

    margin-bottom: 10px;

    padding: 7px;

    overflow-x: auto;

}



div.admonition dt {
@@ -378,6 +382,15 @@ div.admonition > :last-child { 
    margin-bottom: 0;

}



div.sidebar::after,

div.topic::after,

div.admonition::after,

blockquote::after {

    display: block;

    content: '';

    clear: both;

}



/* -- tables ---------------------------------------------------------------- */



table.docutils {
@@ -513,28 +526,31 @@ ol.upperroman { 
    list-style: upper-roman;

}



ol > li:first-child > :first-child,

ul > li:first-child > :first-child {

:not(li) > ol > li:first-child > :first-child,

:not(li) > ul > li:first-child > :first-child {

    margin-top: 0px;

}



ol ol > li:first-child > :first-child,

ol ul > li:first-child > :first-child,

ul ol > li:first-child > :first-child,

ul ul > li:first-child > :first-child {

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:not(li) > ol > li:last-child > :last-child,

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}



ol > li:last-child > :last-child,

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ol.simple ol p,

ol.simple ul p,

ul.simple ol p,

ul.simple ul p {

    margin-top: 0;

}



ol ol > li:last-child > :last-child,

ol ul > li:last-child > :last-child,

ul ol > li:last-child > :last-child,

ul ul > li:last-child > :last-child {

    margin-bottom: revert;

ol.simple > li:not(:first-child) > p,

ul.simple > li:not(:first-child) > p {

    margin-top: 0;

}



ol.simple p,

ul.simple p {

    margin-bottom: 0;

}



dl.footnote > dt,
@@ -677,6 +693,10 @@ pre { 
    overflow-y: hidden;  /* fixes display issues on Chrome browsers */

}



pre, div[class|="highlight"] {

    clear: both;

}



span.pre {

    -moz-hyphens: none;

    -ms-hyphens: none;

build/base_index.html

+1 −1
Original line number Diff line number Diff line
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ 
    </div>

    <div class="footer" role="contentinfo">

        &#169; Copyright 2020, Matograine.

      Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 3.1.1.

      Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 3.1.2.

    </div>

  </body>

</html>
 
 No newline at end of file

build/genindex.html

+1 −1
Original line number Diff line number Diff line
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ 
    </div>

    <div class="footer" role="contentinfo">

        &#169; Copyright 2020, Matograine.

      Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 3.1.1.

      Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 3.1.2.

    </div>

  </body>

</html>
 
 No newline at end of file

build/index.html

+68 −68
Original line number Diff line number Diff line
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ will use a Web of Trust with specific rules. As the number of members 
may evolve, the Universal Dividend has to be created according to the

formula:</p>

<div class="math notranslate nohighlight" id="equation-ud">

<span class="eqno">(1)<a class="headerlink" href="#equation-ud" title="Permalink to this equation"></a></span>\[UD(t+1) = UD(t) + c^2 \times {M(t) \over N(t)}\]</div>

<span class="eqno">(1)<a class="headerlink" href="#equation-ud" title="Permalink to this equation"></a></span>\[\mathit{UD}(t+1) = \mathit{UD}(t) + c^2 \times {M(t) \over N(t)}\]</div>

<p>Duniter is based on a decentralized Blockchain. This technical choice

allows irreversibility of transaction and uncensorability of trades and

identities. While inspired by Bitcoin, Duniter uses a Web of Trust and
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ limited lifespan.</p></li> 
legitimate identity.</p></li>

</ul>

<p>The aim of the WoT is to identify a blockchain account to a living

human. According to Lauterbach et.al <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#couchsurf" id="id13">7</a>, the strengh of a relationship

human. According to Lauterbach et al. <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#couchsurf" id="id13">7</a>, the strengh of a relationship

should be considered when building a vouch system. For this reason, the

Ğ1 Web of Trust rules are expressed in a licence stating what WoT

certifications are. A certification represents a strong human
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ defining what a ‘referent member’ is:</p> 
<dt><strong>Referent member</strong>:</dt><dd><p>Let D be the total of degrees of a member, and N the number of members.

A member is said to be ‘referent’ if and only if:</p>

<div class="math notranslate nohighlight" id="equation-referent-member">

<span class="eqno">(3)<a class="headerlink" href="#equation-referent-member" title="Permalink to this equation"></a></span>\[D \geq {CEIL (N^{-1} \over stepmax)}\]</div>

<span class="eqno">(3)<a class="headerlink" href="#equation-referent-member" title="Permalink to this equation"></a></span>\[D \geq {CEIL ({N^{-1} \over stepmax})}\]</div>

<p>As the size of the web will grow this number will grow too, meaning it will

take more certification issuances to become a referent member. The

number of certifications needed to become a member shouldn’t change.</p>
@@ -1188,12 +1188,12 @@ libre Currency can be issued thanks to the Universal Dividend.</p> 
<p>More than that, Duniter proposes a new model for securing a Blockchain

in an efficient and decentralized way. Basing the security on a Web of

Trust with an individualised security makes the calculation rules more

fair. A side-effect of this choice is a network consisting mostly of

fair. A side effect of this choice is a network consisting mostly of

low-end computers, maintaining a good security and helping

decentralization of calculation.</p>

<p>The ultimate goal of Duniter project is to allow people to participate

in a libre economy, thanks to a libre currency. What is a libre economy

? The Relative Theory of Money defines it through four economic

in a libre economy, thanks to a libre currency. What is a libre economy?

The Relative Theory of Money defines it through four economic

liberties:</p>

<ul class="simple">

<li><p>The freedom to choose your currency system: because money should not
@@ -1212,7 +1212,7 @@ water source in a desert) so no more is available to the others. Now you 
get it, this is the goal: free economy through free currency.</p>

</div>

<div class="section" id="sources">

<span id="id23"></span><h2>Sources :<a class="headerlink" href="#sources" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>

<span id="id23"></span><h2>Sources<a class="headerlink" href="#sources" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>

<dl class="footnote brackets">

<dt class="label" id="bitcoin"><span class="brackets"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id3">1</a></span></dt>

<dd><p>Bitcoin Whitepaper, S.Nakamoto, 2008:
@@ -1361,7 +1361,7 @@ R.I.M.Dunbar, Journal of Human Evolution, 1992</p> 
</ul>

</li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#conclusion">Conclusion</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#sources">Sources :</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#sources">Sources</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>
@@ -1399,7 +1399,7 @@ R.I.M.Dunbar, Journal of Human Evolution, 1992</p> 
    </div>

    <div class="footer" role="contentinfo">

        &#169; Copyright 2020, Matograine.

      Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 3.1.1.

      Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 3.1.2.

    </div>

  </body>

</html>
 
 No newline at end of file

build/latex/dunitertechnicaldescription.aux

+39 −38
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@@ -105,11 +106,11 @@ 
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build/latex/dunitertechnicaldescription.ilg

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build/latex/dunitertechnicaldescription.out

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build/latex/dunitertechnicaldescription.tex

+55 −55
Original line number Diff line number Diff line
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ will use a Web of Trust with specific rules. As the number of members 
may evolve, the Universal Dividend has to be created according to the

formula:

\begin{equation}\label{equation:index:ud}

\begin{split}UD(t+1) = UD(t) + c^2 \times {M(t) \over N(t)}\end{split}

\begin{split}\mathit{UD}(t+1) = \mathit{UD}(t) + c^2 \times {M(t) \over N(t)}\end{split}

\end{equation}

Duniter is based on a decentralized Blockchain. This technical choice

allows irreversibility of transaction and uncensorability of trades and
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ legitimate identity. 
\end{itemize}



The aim of the WoT is to identify a blockchain account to a living

human. According to Lauterbach et.al %

human. According to Lauterbach et al. %

\begin{footnote}[7]\sphinxAtStartFootnote

Surfing a Web of Trust, Reputation and Reciprocity on

CouchSurfing.com, D.Lauterbach, H.Truong, T.Shah, L.Adamic:
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ defining what a ‘referent member’ is: 
Let D be the total of degrees of a member, and N the number of members.

A member is said to be ‘referent’ if and only if:

\begin{equation}\label{equation:index:referent_member}

\begin{split}D \geq {CEIL (N^{-1} \over stepmax)}\end{split}

\begin{split}D \geq {CEIL ({N^{-1} \over stepmax})}\end{split}

\end{equation}

As the size of the web will grow this number will grow too, meaning it will

take more certification issuances to become a referent member. The
@@ -1599,13 +1599,13 @@ libre Currency can be issued thanks to the Universal Dividend. 
More than that, Duniter proposes a new model for securing a Blockchain

in an efficient and decentralized way. Basing the security on a Web of

Trust with an individualised security makes the calculation rules more

fair. A side\sphinxhyphen{}effect of this choice is a network consisting mostly of

fair. A side effect of this choice is a network consisting mostly of

low\sphinxhyphen{}end computers, maintaining a good security and helping

decentralization of calculation.



The ultimate goal of Duniter project is to allow people to participate

in a libre economy, thanks to a libre currency. What is a libre economy

? The Relative Theory of Money defines it through four economic

in a libre economy, thanks to a libre currency. What is a libre economy?

The Relative Theory of Money defines it through four economic

liberties:

\begin{itemize}

\item {}
@@ -1633,7 +1633,7 @@ water source in a desert) so no more is available to the others. Now you 
get it, this is the goal: free economy through free currency.





\chapter{Sources :}

\chapter{Sources}

\label{\detokenize{index:sources}}\label{\detokenize{index:id23}}

build/latex/dunitertechnicaldescription.toc

+56 −56
Original line number Diff line number Diff line
@@ -29,19 +29,19 @@ 
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.6.5}Rule of limited supply of active certifications (\sphinxstyleliteralintitle {\sphinxupquote {sigStock}})}{15}{subsection.4.6.5}%

\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.6.6}Rule of the time period between two certification issuances. (\sphinxstyleliteralintitle {\sphinxupquote {sigPeriod}})}{16}{subsection.4.6.6}%

\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.6.7}Expiry of a certification issuance (\sphinxstyleliteralintitle {\sphinxupquote {sigWindow}})}{16}{subsection.4.6.7}%

\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.6.8}Lifespan of a \IeC {\textquoteleft }pending\IeC {\textquoteright } identity (\sphinxstyleliteralintitle {\sphinxupquote {idtyWindow}})}{16}{subsection.4.6.8}% 

\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.7}Details on some of the WoT\IeC {\textquoteright }s peculiarities at the genesis block}{16}{section.4.7}% 

\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.8}Why these rules and application cases in the \IeC {\u G}1}{16}{section.4.8}% 

\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.6.8}Lifespan of a ‘pending’ identity (\sphinxstyleliteralintitle {\sphinxupquote {idtyWindow}})}{16}{subsection.4.6.8}%

\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.7}Details on some of the WoT’s peculiarities at the genesis block}{16}{section.4.7}%

\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.8}Why these rules and application cases in the Ğ1}{16}{section.4.8}%

\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.8.1}Distance and maximum size}{16}{subsection.4.8.1}%

\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.8.2}Time is our friend}{18}{subsection.4.8.2}%

\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.8.3}Trust me now, trust me forever? (\sphinxstyleliteralintitle {\sphinxupquote {sigValidity}}, \sphinxstyleliteralintitle {\sphinxupquote {msValidity}})}{19}{subsection.4.8.3}%

\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.8.4}Keeping the pools free of information glut (\sphinxstyleliteralintitle {\sphinxupquote {idtyWindow}}, \sphinxstyleliteralintitle {\sphinxupquote {sigWindow}}, \sphinxstyleliteralintitle {\sphinxupquote {msWindow}})}{19}{subsection.4.8.4}%

\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.8.5}Avoiding single members from \IeC {\textquoteleft }knowing too many people\IeC {\textquoteright } (\sphinxstyleliteralintitle {\sphinxupquote {sigStock}})}{20}{subsection.4.8.5}% 

\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.8.5}Avoiding single members from ‘knowing too many people’ (\sphinxstyleliteralintitle {\sphinxupquote {sigStock}})}{20}{subsection.4.8.5}%

\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.8.6}Avoiding locking minorities (\sphinxstyleliteralintitle {\sphinxupquote {xpercent}})}{20}{subsection.4.8.6}%

\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.8.7}Spam protection with (\sphinxstyleliteralintitle {\sphinxupquote {msPeriod}})}{20}{subsection.4.8.7}%

\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {5}Proof of Work with personal difficulty}{21}{chapter.5}%

\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.1}Why do we need Proof of Work?}{21}{section.5.1}%

\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.2}Only members can \IeC {\textquotedblleft }mine\IeC {\textquotedblright }}{22}{section.5.2}% 

\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.2}Only members can “mine”}{22}{section.5.2}%

\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.3}How does it work?}{22}{section.5.3}%

\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3.1}The hash (aka digest)}{22}{subsection.5.3.1}%

\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3.2}The common difficulty}{22}{subsection.5.3.2}%
@@ -49,9 +49,9 @@ 
\contentsline {subsubsection}{The Nonce}{23}{subsubsection*.4}%

\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.4}Personalised difficulty}{23}{section.5.4}%

\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.1}Understanding \sphinxstyleliteralintitle {\sphinxupquote {exFact}}, the exclusion factor}{23}{subsection.5.4.1}%

\contentsline {subsubsection}{What is intended by \IeC {\textquotedblleft }the number of members forging\IeC {\textquotedblright } ?}{24}{subsubsection*.5}% 

\contentsline {subsubsection}{What is intended by “the number of members forging”?}{24}{subsubsection*.5}%

\contentsline {subsubsection}{Current window}{24}{subsubsection*.6}%

\contentsline {subsubsection}{exFact and the personalised difficulty}{24}{subsubsection*.7}%

\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.2}The handicap}{25}{subsection.5.4.2}%

\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {6}Conclusion}{27}{chapter.6}%

\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {7}Sources :}{29}{chapter.7}% 
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {7}Sources}{29}{chapter.7}%

build/parts/en/1_intro.html

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  <div class="section" id="abstract">

<h1>Abstract<a class="headerlink" href="#abstract" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>

<p>Many currency principles involve non-equal rights to monetary creation

between humans. We propose a monetary creation based on the Relative

Theory of Money, which guarantee equal monetary creation for each

willing human. This type of currency can be centralised, however, this

could lead to censorship and arbitrary choices of the central

institution. Thus, strongly inspired by Bitcoin example, we want the

currency to be as decentralised as possible, in the transaction network

as in the human identification process. We use a Web of Trust between

living humans for identification. This web of trust allows us to impose

personalised difficulty for transaction validation, keeping the

calculation accessible to low-end hardware and allowing all competent

members to secure the currency.</p>

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<div class="section" id="introduction">

<h1>Introduction<a class="headerlink" href="#introduction" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>

<p>Duniter is a software to create and manage “libre currencies”. Libre

currency is a concept defined by S.Laborde in the Relative Theory of

Money (RTM) that was published in 2010. This theory demonstrates the

possibility of an invariant monetary unit : the Universal Dividend.

Doing so, the RTM answers the question :</p>

<blockquote>

<div><p>How should a currency be created to match the principle of equality

between all humans, now and between generations ?</p>

</div></blockquote>

<p>The results of this demonstration implies a monetary creation :</p>

<ul class="simple">

<li><p>on a regular basis</p></li>

<li><p>for each human being</p></li>

<li><p>which amount has to be reassessed on fixed intervals according to a

fixed formula.</p></li>

</ul>

<p>Thus, Duniter project will associate a human to a digital identity. It

will use a Web of Trust with specific rules. As the number of members

may evolve, the Universal Dividend has to be created according to the

formula :</p>

<div class="math notranslate nohighlight">

\[UD(t+1) = UD(t) + c^2 \times {M(t) \over N(t)}\]</div>

<p>Duniter is based on a decentralized Blockchain. This technical choice

allows irreversibility of transaction and uncensorability of trades and

identities. While inspired by Bitcoin, Duniter uses a Web of Trust and

the Proof of Work to secure the computation network, thus making

obsolete the power race model used in Bitcoin.</p>

<p>The first currency created through Duniter is Ğ1, pronounced “June”. It

was created on the 8th. March 2017. This whitepaper uses Ğ1 parameters

as examples ; however, one can create another libre currency with custom

parameters while still using Duniter software.</p>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Abstract</a></li>

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  <div class="section" id="state-of-the-art-bitcoin-case">

<h1>1. State of the art : Bitcoin case<a class="headerlink" href="#state-of-the-art-bitcoin-case" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>

<!-- source : https://duniter.org/en/theoretical/ --><p>Duniter uses the crypto-currency concept introduced by Bitcoin <a href="#id7"><span class="problematic" id="id1">[#Bitcoin]_</span></a>,

which is to use cryptographic tools such as signatures to create

trustless digital currencies. Duniter fits this definition, but it has

two completely different principles than Bitcoin : the Web of Trust and

the Universal Dividend . These differences are on both monetary and

technical aspects.</p>

<div class="section" id="monetary-creation-of-bitcoin-a-space-time-asymmetry">

<span id="monetary-creation-a-space-time-asymmetry"></span><h2>1.1. Monetary creation of Bitcoin : a space-time asymmetry<a class="headerlink" href="#monetary-creation-of-bitcoin-a-space-time-asymmetry" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>

<p>Space-time asymmetry refers to the relative access of individuals to

newly created money <a href="#id8"><span class="problematic" id="id2">[#RTM]_</span></a>. Concretely, most existing currencies (c. 2020)

are both spatially and temporally asymmetrical for their users. Let’s

take Bitcoin as an example to understand why.</p>

<div class="section" id="spatial-asymmetry">

<h3>1.1.1. Spatial asymmetry<a class="headerlink" href="#spatial-asymmetry" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>

<p>When new Bitcoins are created, only some Bitcoin users (the miners) are

given new Bitcoins, while everyone else get nothing. We believe this is

the first injustice. However, some might say:</p>

<blockquote>

<div><p>“Miners used their electricity and time to get it!”</p>

</div></blockquote>

<p>… we would answer that this work should not have been rewarded by

newly created Bitcoins. New units should be distributed to the whole

community. Miners should be rewared another way, but not by money

issuance. Of course, Bitcoin cannot create money through Basic Income

since Bitcoin users are not strongly identified, and one might benefit

from money creation multiple times if they owned several wallets.

Duniter gets rid of this problem by identifying its users and creating

the same amount of Basic Income to everyone.</p>

</div>

<div class="section" id="temporal-asymmetry">

<h3>1.1.2. Temporal-asymmetry<a class="headerlink" href="#temporal-asymmetry" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>

<p>Bitcoin has an absolute limit of 21 million BTC (its unit of currency),

which means ever fewer bitcoins will be created over time until no new

BTC are being generated. So, once the first adopters have mined every

bitcoin, how will future joiners get Bitcoins? Just like most of us do

for Euros or Dollars: to get money, they will have to work for the ones

who already own it.</p>

<p>We believe this is the second injustice. Every member of a monetary

community should be equal concerning monetary creation, and get the same

relative amount of money over time, even if they are a late adopter.

Duniter aims to fix this by making the Universal Dividend (a.k.a. UD)

grow by the time according to precise rules, thus making members equal

toward money issuance on a half-lifespan.</p>

<p>Most currencies present one of these two asymmetries, including metal

currencies and mutual credit, as exposed in the RTM.</p>

</div>

<div class="section" id="a-solution">

<h3>1.1.3. A solution<a class="headerlink" href="#a-solution" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>

<p>Bitcoin has taught us that it is possible to create a currency system

allowing one to both create digital money and to exchange it without a

central authority. What we need to change is the way money is issued so

we finally have a symmetrical system. We need <strong>Bitcoin + Universal

Dividend</strong>. But Universal Dividend implies that the community consists

of only identified people. This is where the Web of Trust (WoT) comes

into place.</p>

<p>This concept, introduced by cryptography with the OpenPGP format <a href="#id9"><span class="problematic" id="id3">[#OpenPGP]_</span></a>,

allows us to identify people in a decentralized manner. It works as

follows: each person creates a personal identity that is linked to its

cyptographic certificate. The identity must be confirmed by others

members who use their own cryptographic key. It is that simple: people

choose who is part of the community and who is not, not a central

authority.</p>

<p>However, Duniter will not use OpenPGP for its cryptographic features:

Elliptic Curves <a href="#id10"><span class="problematic" id="id4">[#EC]_</span></a> will be used instead for the conciseness of its

generated keys and its pratical advantages. Duniter has its own Web of

Trust principles, that will be exposed later.</p>

</div>

</div>

<div class="section" id="proof-of-work-mining-a-power-race">

<h2>1.2. Proof-of-Work mining : a power race<a class="headerlink" href="#proof-of-work-mining-a-power-race" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>

<p>In Bitcoin Model, the calculation and incentive principles cause a power

race : new Bitcoins are created for the owners of the most numerous,

powerful (and energy-consuming) computers. This leads to a power race an

places the control over the currency in the hands of the richest

hardware owners. We want to make Duniter blockchain validation much less

energy and hardware consuming while keeping a strong level of security.

This will be further explained later. A consequence of this choice is

the participation of low-end hardware in the Duniter network, leading to

a better decentralization of blockchain validation.</p>

<div class="section" id="what-about-proof-of-stake">

<h3>1.2.1 What about Proof of Stake ?<a class="headerlink" href="#what-about-proof-of-stake" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>

<p>Proof of stake consensus algorythm was first introduced in 2012 <a href="#id11"><span class="problematic" id="id5">[#PPCoin]_</span></a>.

The basic principle is to allow the richest wallets to issue blocks,

putting their coin balance as a “stake” they would lose in case of

cheat.</p>

<p>At the time of conceiving Duniter, the PoS algorythms had not been

tested enough to be used as a fundamental base. We did not chose this

consensus principle. Moreover, the principle of allowing owners of large

amounts of money to validate transaction can only lead to placing power

over the currency in the richests hands : this is contrary to the

symmetical principles of a libre currency.</p>

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  <ul>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">1. State of the art : Bitcoin case</a><ul>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#monetary-creation-of-bitcoin-a-space-time-asymmetry">1.1. Monetary creation of Bitcoin : a space-time asymmetry</a><ul>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#spatial-asymmetry">1.1.1. Spatial asymmetry</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#temporal-asymmetry">1.1.2. Temporal-asymmetry</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-solution">1.1.3. A solution</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#proof-of-work-mining-a-power-race">1.2. Proof-of-Work mining : a power race</a><ul>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-about-proof-of-stake">1.2.1 What about Proof of Stake ?</a></li>

</ul>

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  <div class="section" id="duniters-blockchain">

<h1>2. Duniters Blockchain<a class="headerlink" href="#duniters-blockchain" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>

<p>Duniters Blockchain follows the basic principles of Bitcoins. This is

essential for synchronization between peers, as to prevent double-spend

attacks. However, Duniters Blockchain will store different informations

than Bitcoins.</p>

<p>The basic use of Blockchain will be registering transactions. For this

part, we use the same principles as Bitcoin : transactions have inputs

(spending accounts) and outputs (receiving accounts). But contrary to

Bitcoin, no generation transaction exists : monetary creation happens

only through UD. So, in Duniters Blockchain, Inputs can be either:</p>

<ul class="simple">

<li><p>a former transaction (as in Bitcoin)</p></li>

<li><p>a Universal Dividend (specific to Duniter).</p></li>

</ul>

<p>Duniters Web of Trust is also written in the Blockchain. The identity of

each member gets registered much like transactions are, with a strong

link to the time reference. Thus, the Blockchain is a representation of

a space-time frame of reference, where “space” are members of the WoT

and “time” the basic blockchain units : the blocks. On each point of

time, one can determine which account is legitimate to create the UD,

only with a blockchain analysis.</p>

<div class="section" id="spam-countermeasures">

<h2>2.1. Spam countermeasures<a class="headerlink" href="#spam-countermeasures" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>

<p>An issue of most cryptocurrency projects is to prevent the common ledger

from growing too much. This would require nodes to have a lot of storage

and computing power to be usable. In particular, we don’t want an

attacker to be able to make the Blockchain grow too fast. Most projects

implement transaction fees as a way to prevent this, making the attacker

lose money. We don’t want to introduce this mean since a currency with

automatic fees on transactions is no more neutral. Several

countermeasuers against such spam attacks are implemented.</p>

<div class="section" id="minimum-output-amount">

<h3>2.1.1. Minimum output amount<a class="headerlink" href="#minimum-output-amount" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>

<!-- This has to be implemented in DUBPv13. --><p>Fixing a minimal output amount reduces the power of an attack. Duniter

deals with cents of Ğ1 or 1/1000 of the first UD. An attacker could

create thousand accounts with only 1 UD. To prevent this, a valid

transaction must have output amounts of minimum 1Ğ1. This reduces the

power an attack by 100.</p>

</div>

<div class="section" id="limited-block-size-and-chainability">

<h3>2.1.2. Limited block size and chainability<a class="headerlink" href="#limited-block-size-and-chainability" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>

<p>The block size is always limited. While the protocol allows this limit

to evolve to address scaling issues, an attacker cannot register as many

transaction as they wish.</p>

<p>With the same goal to prevent too many transactions to get registered,

while transactions can be “chained” (refer to another transaction in the

same block), the chainability of transactions is limited to 5.</p>

</div>

</div>

<div class="section" id="scaling">

<h2>2.2. Scaling<a class="headerlink" href="#scaling" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>

<p>Most of the time, the scaling issue rises for distributed systems that

should work on a very large scale. This is not the case of Duniter, for

multiple reasons :</p>

<ul class="simple">

<li><p>Ğ1 is the first libre currency, and is still experimental on the

monetary creation principle. We don’t want it to reach the whole

world, we only want it to work, to validate or invalidate the RTM.

Moreover, the rules chosen for the Ğ1 WoT should limit its size to

around 16 million members.</p></li>

<li><p>Duniter’s aim is to be used to create multiple libre currencies, that

would fit local or regional economies. As a consequence, it would

deal with less transactions than if it was a world-scale system. The

RTM proposes a formula to calculate the exchange rate between two

currencies, that could be used to create automatic exchanges for a

member travelling away from their community.</p></li>

</ul>

<p>However, Duniter has assets that will help if the number of users and

transactions grow.</p>

<div class="section" id="dynamic-block-size">

<h3>2.2.1 Dynamic block size<a class="headerlink" href="#dynamic-block-size" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>

<p>While Bitcoin has a fixed block size, Duniters blocks size can evolve.

On low use of the blockchain, the maximal block size is 500 bytes. On

high use of the blockchain, the maximal block size would be 110% of the

average size of the current window blocks(see “personalised difficulty”

part for more information). This way, the blocks are bounded in size,

but can slowly grow if a massive and legitimate use of the blockchain

needs it. The block size (in bytes) is limited as so :</p>

<div class="math notranslate nohighlight">

\[\textrm{blockSize} &lt; \max \left({500 ; \textrm{CEIL}(1.10 \times (\textrm{average block size}))}\right)\]</div>

</div>

<div class="section" id="lightning-networks">

<h3>2.2.2. Lightning Networks<a class="headerlink" href="#lightning-networks" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>

<p>The Lightning Networks <a href="#id3"><span class="problematic" id="id1">[#Lightning]_</span></a> allow almost instant and off-chain

transactions. They were first implemented on Lightcoin, and are now on

Bitcoin. One of their benefits is to make the blockchain store a lot of

transactions at once, thus reducing the groth of the blockchain. The

Duniter protocol allows XHX() and CSV() unlock conditions that are

necessary to implement Lightning Networks. While not available yet, this

payment channel might get implemented when needed.</p>

</div>

<div class="section" id="unit-base">

<h3>2.2.3. Unit base<a class="headerlink" href="#unit-base" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>

<p>As the Universal Dividend grows exponentially, with time Duniter nodes

would have had to deal with always largest amounts, eventually reaching

the BIGINT limit. To avoid this, the amounts are expressed with a unit

base in base 10. We want the UD amount to always fit in 4 digits. To

manage it, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unitbase</span></code> is updated each time the UD value reaches

100.00 : it goes from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">99.99*10^(unitbase)</span></code> to

<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">10.00*10^(unitbase+1)</span></code>. All the unit amounts are thus divided by 10.

While this might seem strange, this process has already hapened in state

currencies. Moreover, the amounts expressed in UD will not change.</p>

<p>With a monetary growth of 10% each year and a stable population, such a

change of unit base would happen each 25 years.</p>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">2. Duniters Blockchain</a><ul>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#spam-countermeasures">2.1. Spam countermeasures</a><ul>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#minimum-output-amount">2.1.1. Minimum output amount</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#limited-block-size-and-chainability">2.1.2. Limited block size and chainability</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scaling">2.2. Scaling</a><ul>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#dynamic-block-size">2.2.1 Dynamic block size</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#lightning-networks">2.2.2. Lightning Networks</a></li>

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  <div class="section" id="conclusion">

<h1>Conclusion<a class="headerlink" href="#conclusion" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>

<!-- source : https://duniter.org/en/theoretical/ --><p>Duniter’s Blockchain can be compared to Bitcoin’s : a common document

retracing the history of the currency. However, Duniter registers not

only trades, but also the history of relationships in the community as a

mean to identify a human to a digital account. This way, Duniter has

information about the fondamental reference of RTM : living humans. A

libre Currency can be issued thanks to the Universal Dividend.</p>

<p>More than that, Duniter proposes a new model for securing a Blockchain

in an efficient and decentralized way. Basing the security on a Web of

Trust with an individualised security makes the calculation rules more

fair. A side-effect of this choice is a network consisting mostly of

low-end computers, maintaining a good security and helping

decentralization of calculation.</p>

<p>The ultimate goal of Duniter project is to allow people to participate

in a libre economy, thanks to a libre currency. What is a libre economy

? The Relative Theory of Money defines it through four economic

liberties :</p>

<ul class="simple">

<li><p>The freedom to choose your currency system: because money should not

be imposed.</p></li>

<li><p>The freedom to access resources: because we all should have access to

economic &amp; monetary resources.</p></li>

<li><p>The freedom to estimate and produce value: because value is a purely

relative to each individual.</p></li>

<li><p>The freedom to trade with the money: because we should not be limited

by the avaible money supply.</p></li>

</ul>

<p>Those 4 economic freedoms should be understood together, not

exclusively. Plus, “freedom” has to be understood as “non-nuisance”. So

here, freedom does not mean the right to take all of a resource (like

water source in a desert) so no more is available to the others. Now you

get it, this is the goal: free economy through free currency.</p>

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  <div class="section" id="sources">

<h1>Sources :<a class="headerlink" href="#sources" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>

<dl class="footnote brackets">

<dt class="label" id="bitcoin"><span class="brackets">1</span></dt>

<dd><p>Bitcoin Whitepaper, S.Nakamoto, 2008:

<a class="reference external" href="https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf">bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf</a></p>

</dd>

<dt class="label" id="rtm"><span class="brackets">2</span></dt>

<dd><p>Relative Theory of Money, S.Laborde, 2010:

<a class="reference external" href="http://en.trm.creationmonetaire.info/">en.trm.creationmonetaire.info/</a></p>

</dd>

<dt class="label" id="openpgp"><span class="brackets">3</span></dt>

<dd><p>OpenPGP protocol defines standard formats for encrypted messages,

signatures, private keys, and certificates for exchanging public

keys. The GNU Privacy Handbook, M.Ashley, 1999 :

<a class="reference external" href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual.html#AEN335">www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual.html#AEN335</a></p>

</dd>

<dt class="label" id="ec"><span class="brackets">4</span></dt>

<dd><p>High-speed high-security signatures, D.J.Bernstein, N.Duif, T.Lange,

P.Schwabe, B-Y.Yang. Journal of Cryptographic Engineering 2 (2012),

77–89.

<a class="reference external" href="https://cr.yp.to/papers.html#ed25519">cr.yp.to/papers.html#ed25519</a>.</p>

</dd>

<dt class="label" id="ppcoin"><span class="brackets">5</span></dt>

<dd><p>PPCoin: Peer-to-Peer Crypto-Currency with Proof-of-Stake, S.King &amp;

S.Nadal, 2012 :

<a class="reference external" href="https://archive.org/details/PPCoinPaper">archive.org/details/PPCoinPaper</a></p>

</dd>

<dt class="label" id="lightning"><span class="brackets">6</span></dt>

<dd><p>The Bitcoin Lightning Network, J.Poon &amp; T.Dryja, 2016 :

<a class="reference external" href="http://lightning.network/lightning-network-paper.pdf">lightning.network/lightning-network-paper.pdf</a></p>

</dd>

<dt class="label" id="couchsurf"><span class="brackets">7</span></dt>

<dd><p>Surfing a Web of Trust, Reputation and Reciprocity on

CouchSurfing.com, D.Lauterbach, H.Truong, T.Shah, L.Adamic:

<a class="reference external" href="http://snap.stanford.edu/class/cs224w-readings/lauterbach09trust.pdf">snap.stanford.edu/class/cs224w-readings/lauterbach09trust.pdf</a></p>

</dd>

<dt class="label" id="gnupg"><span class="brackets">8</span></dt>

<dd><p>Public key validation on GnuPG manual, M.Ashley, 1999 :

<a class="reference external" href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual.html#AEN335">www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual.html#AEN335</a></p>

</dd>

<dt class="label" id="sybil"><span class="brackets">9</span></dt>

<dd><p>The Sibyl Attack, J.R.Douceur:

<a class="reference external" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2002/01/IPTPS2002.pdf">www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2002/01/IPTPS2002.pdf</a></p>

</dd>

<dt class="label" id="dunbar"><span class="brackets">10</span></dt>

<dd><p>Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in primates,

R.I.M.Dunbar, Journal of Human Evolution, 1992</p>

</dd>

<dt class="label" id="pareto"><span class="brackets">11</span></dt>

<dd><p>Pareto principle :

<a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_principle">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_principle</a></p>

</dd>

</dl>

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source/parts/en/1_intro.rst

+7 −7
Original line number Diff line number Diff line
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ formula : 
.. math::

   :label: ud



   UD(t+1) = UD(t) + c^2 \times {M(t) \over N(t)} 

   \mathit{UD}(t+1) = \mathit{UD}(t) + c^2 \times {M(t) \over N(t)}



Duniter is based on a decentralized Blockchain. This technical choice

allows irreversibility of transaction and uncensorability of trades and

source/parts/en/2_looking_at_Bitcoin.rst

+12 −12
Original line number Diff line number Diff line
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ 
.. _state-of-the-art-bitcoin-case:



State of the art: Bitcoin case

-------------------------------

------------------------------



.. raw:: html
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ technical aspects. 
.. _monetary-creation-a-space-time-asymmetry:



Monetary creation of Bitcoin: a space-time asymmetry

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



Space-time asymmetry refers to the relative access of individuals to

newly created money [#RTM]_. Concretely, most existing currencies (c. 2020)
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ Trust principles, that will be exposed later. 
.. _proof-of-work-mining-a-power-race:



Proof-of-Work mining: a power race

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



In Bitcoin Model, the calculation and incentive principles cause a power

race: new Bitcoins are created for the owners of the most numerous,
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ the participation of low-end hardware in the Duniter network, leading to 
a better decentralization of blockchain validation.



What about Proof of Stake?

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^



Proof of stake consensus algorythm was first introduced in 2012 [#PPCoin]_.

The basic principle is to allow the richest wallets to issue blocks,

source/parts/en/4_Web_Of_Trust.rst

+13 −13
Original line number Diff line number Diff line
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ into few principles: 
   legitimate identity.



The aim of the WoT is to identify a blockchain account to a living

human. According to Lauterbach et.al [#CouchSurf]_, the strengh of a relationship

human. According to Lauterbach et al. [#CouchSurf]_, the strengh of a relationship

should be considered when building a vouch system. For this reason, the

Ğ1 Web of Trust rules are expressed in a licence stating what WoT

certifications are. A certification represents a strong human
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ parameters individually, while Duniter sets rules for 
the whole community in the block #0, and don't let users chose their particular parameters.



Why do we need a Web of Trust?

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



There are two reasons we need it:
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ communication network. 
.. _graph-theory-vocabulary:



A few foundational concepts on graph theory: a bit of vocabulary

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



-  **Graph**: set of points -called ‘vertices’- joined by edges -called

   paths/walks-.
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ The maximum size of a Sybil region therefore is: 
.. math:: 

   :label: MaxSybilSize_2



   (sigStock-sigQty) \times {1 - \left({sigStock \over 5}\right)^{5-stepAttackers}} \over {1-{sigStock \over 5}}

   (sigStock-sigQty) * {1 - \left({sigStock \over 5}\right)^{5-stepAttackers}} \over {1-{sigStock \over 5}}



with sigStock = 50 we have a Sybil region of:
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ to allow one to certify at the end of every working week -five days- 
instead of a whole calendar one.



Trust me now, trust me forever? (``sigValidity``, ``msValidity``)

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^



There would be two main drawbacks to a lifetime membership in the Ğ1’s

Web of Trust:

source/parts/en/5_individualized_difficulty.rst

+16 −16
Original line number Diff line number Diff line
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ consumption compared to BitCoin : an “ecological” PoW ? 
.. _why-proof-of-work:



Why do we need Proof of Work?

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



Duniter nodes share a database as part of a p2p environment. The proof

of work (PoW) allows machines to synchronize with each other. In
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ a privacy-first internet cube. 
.. _how-does-duniter-pow-work:



How does it work?

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



.. _the-hash:
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ blocktime creation by increasing itself if the creation interval drops 
under ``avgGenTime`` and vice-versa.



How is difficulty applied?

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''

''''''''''''''''''''''''''



The numeric value of difficulty is taken from an array of possible

hashes out of all possible hashes. In DUBPv13 the hash of a block is its
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ meaning that if there are fifteen members currently forging, the 
member’s exclusion factor will drop down to one after five blocks.



What is intended by “the number of members forging”?

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''



We mean the number of members trying to create the next block. In

reality, there is no way to precisely know how many members are

source/parts/en/6_conclusion.rst

+6 −6
Original line number Diff line number Diff line
@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ libre Currency can be issued thanks to the Universal Dividend. 
More than that, Duniter proposes a new model for securing a Blockchain

in an efficient and decentralized way. Basing the security on a Web of

Trust with an individualised security makes the calculation rules more

fair. A side-effect of this choice is a network consisting mostly of

fair. A side effect of this choice is a network consisting mostly of

low-end computers, maintaining a good security and helping

decentralization of calculation.



The ultimate goal of Duniter project is to allow people to participate

in a libre economy, thanks to a libre currency. What is a libre economy

? The Relative Theory of Money defines it through four economic

in a libre economy, thanks to a libre currency. What is a libre economy?

The Relative Theory of Money defines it through four economic

liberties:



-  The freedom to choose your currency system: because money should not

source/parts/en/9_sources.rst

+7 −7
Original line number Diff line number Diff line 


.. _sources:



Sources :

---------

Sources

-------



.. [#Bitcoin]

   Bitcoin Whitepaper, S.Nakamoto, 2008: