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<h1>Abstract<a class="headerlink" href="#abstract" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>Many currency principles involve non-equal rights to monetary creation
between humans. We propose a monetary creation based on the Relative
Theory of Money, which guarantee equal monetary creation for each
willing human. This type of currency can be centralised, however, this
could lead to censorship and arbitrary choices of the central
institution. Thus, strongly inspired by Bitcoin example, we want the
currency to be as decentralised as possible, in the transaction network
as in the human identification process. We use a Web of Trust between
living humans for identification. This web of trust allows us to impose
personalised difficulty for transaction validation, keeping the
calculation accessible to low-end hardware and allowing all competent
members to secure the currency.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="introduction">
<h1>Introduction<a class="headerlink" href="#introduction" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>Duniter is a software to create and manage “libre currencies”. Libre
currency is a concept defined by S.Laborde in the Relative Theory of
Money (RTM) that was published in 2010. This theory demonstrates the
possibility of an invariant monetary unit : the Universal Dividend.
Doing so, the RTM answers the question :</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>How should a currency be created to match the principle of equality
between all humans, now and between generations ?</p>
</div></blockquote>
<p>The results of this demonstration implies a monetary creation :</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>on a regular basis</p></li>
<li><p>for each human being</p></li>
<li><p>which amount has to be reassessed on fixed intervals according to a
fixed formula.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Thus, Duniter project will associate a human to a digital identity. It
will use a Web of Trust with specific rules. As the number of members
may evolve, the Universal Dividend has to be created according to the
formula :</p>
<div class="math notranslate nohighlight">
\[UD(t+1) = UD(t) + c^2 \times {M(t) \over N(t)}\]</div>
<p>Duniter is based on a decentralized Blockchain. This technical choice
allows irreversibility of transaction and uncensorability of trades and
identities. While inspired by Bitcoin, Duniter uses a Web of Trust and
the Proof of Work to secure the computation network, thus making
obsolete the power race model used in Bitcoin.</p>
<p>The first currency created through Duniter is Ğ1, pronounced “June”. It
was created on the 8th. March 2017. This whitepaper uses Ğ1 parameters
as examples ; however, one can create another libre currency with custom
parameters while still using Duniter software.</p>
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<div class="section" id="state-of-the-art-bitcoin-case">
<h1>1. State of the art : Bitcoin case<a class="headerlink" href="#state-of-the-art-bitcoin-case" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<!-- source : https://duniter.org/en/theoretical/ --><p>Duniter uses the crypto-currency concept introduced by Bitcoin <a href="#id7"><span class="problematic" id="id1">[#Bitcoin]_</span></a>,
which is to use cryptographic tools such as signatures to create
trustless digital currencies. Duniter fits this definition, but it has
two completely different principles than Bitcoin : the Web of Trust and
the Universal Dividend . These differences are on both monetary and
technical aspects.</p>
<div class="section" id="monetary-creation-of-bitcoin-a-space-time-asymmetry">
<span id="monetary-creation-a-space-time-asymmetry"></span><h2>1.1. Monetary creation of Bitcoin : a space-time asymmetry<a class="headerlink" href="#monetary-creation-of-bitcoin-a-space-time-asymmetry" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Space-time asymmetry refers to the relative access of individuals to
newly created money <a href="#id8"><span class="problematic" id="id2">[#RTM]_</span></a>. Concretely, most existing currencies (c. 2020)
are both spatially and temporally asymmetrical for their users. Let’s
take Bitcoin as an example to understand why.</p>
<div class="section" id="spatial-asymmetry">
<h3>1.1.1. Spatial asymmetry<a class="headerlink" href="#spatial-asymmetry" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>When new Bitcoins are created, only some Bitcoin users (the miners) are
given new Bitcoins, while everyone else get nothing. We believe this is
the first injustice. However, some might say:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>“Miners used their electricity and time to get it!”</p>
</div></blockquote>
<p>… we would answer that this work should not have been rewarded by
newly created Bitcoins. New units should be distributed to the whole
community. Miners should be rewared another way, but not by money
issuance. Of course, Bitcoin cannot create money through Basic Income
since Bitcoin users are not strongly identified, and one might benefit
from money creation multiple times if they owned several wallets.
Duniter gets rid of this problem by identifying its users and creating
the same amount of Basic Income to everyone.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="temporal-asymmetry">
<h3>1.1.2. Temporal-asymmetry<a class="headerlink" href="#temporal-asymmetry" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>Bitcoin has an absolute limit of 21 million BTC (its unit of currency),
which means ever fewer bitcoins will be created over time until no new
BTC are being generated. So, once the first adopters have mined every
bitcoin, how will future joiners get Bitcoins? Just like most of us do
for Euros or Dollars: to get money, they will have to work for the ones
who already own it.</p>
<p>We believe this is the second injustice. Every member of a monetary
community should be equal concerning monetary creation, and get the same
relative amount of money over time, even if they are a late adopter.
Duniter aims to fix this by making the Universal Dividend (a.k.a. UD)
grow by the time according to precise rules, thus making members equal
toward money issuance on a half-lifespan.</p>
<p>Most currencies present one of these two asymmetries, including metal
currencies and mutual credit, as exposed in the RTM.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="a-solution">
<h3>1.1.3. A solution<a class="headerlink" href="#a-solution" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>Bitcoin has taught us that it is possible to create a currency system
allowing one to both create digital money and to exchange it without a
central authority. What we need to change is the way money is issued so
we finally have a symmetrical system. We need <strong>Bitcoin + Universal
Dividend</strong>. But Universal Dividend implies that the community consists
of only identified people. This is where the Web of Trust (WoT) comes
into place.</p>
<p>This concept, introduced by cryptography with the OpenPGP format <a href="#id9"><span class="problematic" id="id3">[#OpenPGP]_</span></a>,
allows us to identify people in a decentralized manner. It works as
follows: each person creates a personal identity that is linked to its
cyptographic certificate. The identity must be confirmed by others
members who use their own cryptographic key. It is that simple: people
choose who is part of the community and who is not, not a central
authority.</p>
<p>However, Duniter will not use OpenPGP for its cryptographic features:
Elliptic Curves <a href="#id10"><span class="problematic" id="id4">[#EC]_</span></a> will be used instead for the conciseness of its
generated keys and its pratical advantages. Duniter has its own Web of
Trust principles, that will be exposed later.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="proof-of-work-mining-a-power-race">
<h2>1.2. Proof-of-Work mining : a power race<a class="headerlink" href="#proof-of-work-mining-a-power-race" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>In Bitcoin Model, the calculation and incentive principles cause a power
race : new Bitcoins are created for the owners of the most numerous,
powerful (and energy-consuming) computers. This leads to a power race an
places the control over the currency in the hands of the richest
hardware owners. We want to make Duniter blockchain validation much less
energy and hardware consuming while keeping a strong level of security.
This will be further explained later. A consequence of this choice is
the participation of low-end hardware in the Duniter network, leading to
a better decentralization of blockchain validation.</p>
<div class="section" id="what-about-proof-of-stake">
<h3>1.2.1 What about Proof of Stake ?<a class="headerlink" href="#what-about-proof-of-stake" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>Proof of stake consensus algorythm was first introduced in 2012 <a href="#id11"><span class="problematic" id="id5">[#PPCoin]_</span></a>.
The basic principle is to allow the richest wallets to issue blocks,
putting their coin balance as a “stake” they would lose in case of
cheat.</p>
<p>At the time of conceiving Duniter, the PoS algorythms had not been
tested enough to be used as a fundamental base. We did not chose this
consensus principle. Moreover, the principle of allowing owners of large
amounts of money to validate transaction can only lead to placing power
over the currency in the richests hands : this is contrary to the
symmetical principles of a libre currency.</p>
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<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">1. State of the art : Bitcoin case</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#monetary-creation-of-bitcoin-a-space-time-asymmetry">1.1. Monetary creation of Bitcoin : a space-time asymmetry</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#spatial-asymmetry">1.1.1. Spatial asymmetry</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#temporal-asymmetry">1.1.2. Temporal-asymmetry</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-solution">1.1.3. A solution</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#proof-of-work-mining-a-power-race">1.2. Proof-of-Work mining : a power race</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-about-proof-of-stake">1.2.1 What about Proof of Stake ?</a></li>
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<div class="section" id="duniters-blockchain">
<h1>2. Duniters Blockchain<a class="headerlink" href="#duniters-blockchain" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>Duniters Blockchain follows the basic principles of Bitcoins. This is
essential for synchronization between peers, as to prevent double-spend
attacks. However, Duniters Blockchain will store different informations
than Bitcoins.</p>
<p>The basic use of Blockchain will be registering transactions. For this
part, we use the same principles as Bitcoin : transactions have inputs
(spending accounts) and outputs (receiving accounts). But contrary to
Bitcoin, no generation transaction exists : monetary creation happens
only through UD. So, in Duniters Blockchain, Inputs can be either:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>a former transaction (as in Bitcoin)</p></li>
<li><p>a Universal Dividend (specific to Duniter).</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Duniters Web of Trust is also written in the Blockchain. The identity of
each member gets registered much like transactions are, with a strong
link to the time reference. Thus, the Blockchain is a representation of
a space-time frame of reference, where “space” are members of the WoT
and “time” the basic blockchain units : the blocks. On each point of
time, one can determine which account is legitimate to create the UD,
only with a blockchain analysis.</p>
<div class="section" id="spam-countermeasures">
<h2>2.1. Spam countermeasures<a class="headerlink" href="#spam-countermeasures" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>An issue of most cryptocurrency projects is to prevent the common ledger
from growing too much. This would require nodes to have a lot of storage
and computing power to be usable. In particular, we don’t want an
attacker to be able to make the Blockchain grow too fast. Most projects
implement transaction fees as a way to prevent this, making the attacker
lose money. We don’t want to introduce this mean since a currency with
automatic fees on transactions is no more neutral. Several
countermeasuers against such spam attacks are implemented.</p>
<div class="section" id="minimum-output-amount">
<h3>2.1.1. Minimum output amount<a class="headerlink" href="#minimum-output-amount" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<!-- This has to be implemented in DUBPv13. --><p>Fixing a minimal output amount reduces the power of an attack. Duniter
deals with cents of Ğ1 or 1/1000 of the first UD. An attacker could
create thousand accounts with only 1 UD. To prevent this, a valid
transaction must have output amounts of minimum 1Ğ1. This reduces the
power an attack by 100.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="limited-block-size-and-chainability">
<h3>2.1.2. Limited block size and chainability<a class="headerlink" href="#limited-block-size-and-chainability" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>The block size is always limited. While the protocol allows this limit
to evolve to address scaling issues, an attacker cannot register as many
transaction as they wish.</p>
<p>With the same goal to prevent too many transactions to get registered,
while transactions can be “chained” (refer to another transaction in the
same block), the chainability of transactions is limited to 5.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="scaling">
<h2>2.2. Scaling<a class="headerlink" href="#scaling" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Most of the time, the scaling issue rises for distributed systems that
should work on a very large scale. This is not the case of Duniter, for
multiple reasons :</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Ğ1 is the first libre currency, and is still experimental on the
monetary creation principle. We don’t want it to reach the whole
world, we only want it to work, to validate or invalidate the RTM.
Moreover, the rules chosen for the Ğ1 WoT should limit its size to
around 16 million members.</p></li>
<li><p>Duniter’s aim is to be used to create multiple libre currencies, that
would fit local or regional economies. As a consequence, it would
deal with less transactions than if it was a world-scale system. The
RTM proposes a formula to calculate the exchange rate between two
currencies, that could be used to create automatic exchanges for a
member travelling away from their community.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>However, Duniter has assets that will help if the number of users and
transactions grow.</p>
<div class="section" id="dynamic-block-size">
<h3>2.2.1 Dynamic block size<a class="headerlink" href="#dynamic-block-size" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>While Bitcoin has a fixed block size, Duniters blocks size can evolve.
On low use of the blockchain, the maximal block size is 500 bytes. On
high use of the blockchain, the maximal block size would be 110% of the
average size of the current window blocks(see “personalised difficulty”
part for more information). This way, the blocks are bounded in size,
but can slowly grow if a massive and legitimate use of the blockchain
needs it. The block size (in bytes) is limited as so :</p>
<div class="math notranslate nohighlight">
\[\textrm{blockSize} &lt; \max \left({500 ; \textrm{CEIL}(1.10 \times (\textrm{average block size}))}\right)\]</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="lightning-networks">
<h3>2.2.2. Lightning Networks<a class="headerlink" href="#lightning-networks" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>The Lightning Networks <a href="#id3"><span class="problematic" id="id1">[#Lightning]_</span></a> allow almost instant and off-chain
transactions. They were first implemented on Lightcoin, and are now on
Bitcoin. One of their benefits is to make the blockchain store a lot of
transactions at once, thus reducing the groth of the blockchain. The
Duniter protocol allows XHX() and CSV() unlock conditions that are
necessary to implement Lightning Networks. While not available yet, this
payment channel might get implemented when needed.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="unit-base">
<h3>2.2.3. Unit base<a class="headerlink" href="#unit-base" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>As the Universal Dividend grows exponentially, with time Duniter nodes
would have had to deal with always largest amounts, eventually reaching
the BIGINT limit. To avoid this, the amounts are expressed with a unit
base in base 10. We want the UD amount to always fit in 4 digits. To
manage it, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unitbase</span></code> is updated each time the UD value reaches
100.00 : it goes from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">99.99*10^(unitbase)</span></code> to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">10.00*10^(unitbase+1)</span></code>. All the unit amounts are thus divided by 10.
While this might seem strange, this process has already hapened in state
currencies. Moreover, the amounts expressed in UD will not change.</p>
<p>With a monetary growth of 10% each year and a stable population, such a
change of unit base would happen each 25 years.</p>
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<h3><a href="../../index.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">2. Duniters Blockchain</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#spam-countermeasures">2.1. Spam countermeasures</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#minimum-output-amount">2.1.1. Minimum output amount</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#limited-block-size-and-chainability">2.1.2. Limited block size and chainability</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scaling">2.2. Scaling</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#dynamic-block-size">2.2.1 Dynamic block size</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#lightning-networks">2.2.2. Lightning Networks</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#unit-base">2.2.3. Unit base</a></li>
</ul>
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<h1>Conclusion<a class="headerlink" href="#conclusion" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<!-- source : https://duniter.org/en/theoretical/ --><p>Duniter’s Blockchain can be compared to Bitcoin’s : a common document
retracing the history of the currency. However, Duniter registers not
only trades, but also the history of relationships in the community as a
mean to identify a human to a digital account. This way, Duniter has
information about the fondamental reference of RTM : living humans. A
libre Currency can be issued thanks to the Universal Dividend.</p>
<p>More than that, Duniter proposes a new model for securing a Blockchain
in an efficient and decentralized way. Basing the security on a Web of
Trust with an individualised security makes the calculation rules more
fair. A side-effect of this choice is a network consisting mostly of
low-end computers, maintaining a good security and helping
decentralization of calculation.</p>
<p>The ultimate goal of Duniter project is to allow people to participate
in a libre economy, thanks to a libre currency. What is a libre economy
? The Relative Theory of Money defines it through four economic
liberties :</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>The freedom to choose your currency system: because money should not
be imposed.</p></li>
<li><p>The freedom to access resources: because we all should have access to
economic &amp; monetary resources.</p></li>
<li><p>The freedom to estimate and produce value: because value is a purely
relative to each individual.</p></li>
<li><p>The freedom to trade with the money: because we should not be limited
by the avaible money supply.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Those 4 economic freedoms should be understood together, not
exclusively. Plus, “freedom” has to be understood as “non-nuisance”. So
here, freedom does not mean the right to take all of a resource (like
water source in a desert) so no more is available to the others. Now you
get it, this is the goal: free economy through free currency.</p>
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<h1>Sources :<a class="headerlink" href="#sources" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<dl class="footnote brackets">
<dt class="label" id="bitcoin"><span class="brackets">1</span></dt>
<dd><p>Bitcoin Whitepaper, S.Nakamoto, 2008:
<a class="reference external" href="https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf">bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf</a></p>
</dd>
<dt class="label" id="rtm"><span class="brackets">2</span></dt>
<dd><p>Relative Theory of Money, S.Laborde, 2010:
<a class="reference external" href="http://en.trm.creationmonetaire.info/">en.trm.creationmonetaire.info/</a></p>
</dd>
<dt class="label" id="openpgp"><span class="brackets">3</span></dt>
<dd><p>OpenPGP protocol defines standard formats for encrypted messages,
signatures, private keys, and certificates for exchanging public
keys. The GNU Privacy Handbook, M.Ashley, 1999 :
<a class="reference external" href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual.html#AEN335">www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual.html#AEN335</a></p>
</dd>
<dt class="label" id="ec"><span class="brackets">4</span></dt>
<dd><p>High-speed high-security signatures, D.J.Bernstein, N.Duif, T.Lange,
P.Schwabe, B-Y.Yang. Journal of Cryptographic Engineering 2 (2012),
77–89.
<a class="reference external" href="https://cr.yp.to/papers.html#ed25519">cr.yp.to/papers.html#ed25519</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="label" id="ppcoin"><span class="brackets">5</span></dt>
<dd><p>PPCoin: Peer-to-Peer Crypto-Currency with Proof-of-Stake, S.King &amp;
S.Nadal, 2012 :
<a class="reference external" href="https://archive.org/details/PPCoinPaper">archive.org/details/PPCoinPaper</a></p>
</dd>
<dt class="label" id="lightning"><span class="brackets">6</span></dt>
<dd><p>The Bitcoin Lightning Network, J.Poon &amp; T.Dryja, 2016 :
<a class="reference external" href="http://lightning.network/lightning-network-paper.pdf">lightning.network/lightning-network-paper.pdf</a></p>
</dd>
<dt class="label" id="couchsurf"><span class="brackets">7</span></dt>
<dd><p>Surfing a Web of Trust, Reputation and Reciprocity on
CouchSurfing.com, D.Lauterbach, H.Truong, T.Shah, L.Adamic:
<a class="reference external" href="http://snap.stanford.edu/class/cs224w-readings/lauterbach09trust.pdf">snap.stanford.edu/class/cs224w-readings/lauterbach09trust.pdf</a></p>
</dd>
<dt class="label" id="gnupg"><span class="brackets">8</span></dt>
<dd><p>Public key validation on GnuPG manual, M.Ashley, 1999 :
<a class="reference external" href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual.html#AEN335">www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual.html#AEN335</a></p>
</dd>
<dt class="label" id="sybil"><span class="brackets">9</span></dt>
<dd><p>The Sibyl Attack, J.R.Douceur:
<a class="reference external" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2002/01/IPTPS2002.pdf">www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2002/01/IPTPS2002.pdf</a></p>
</dd>
<dt class="label" id="dunbar"><span class="brackets">10</span></dt>
<dd><p>Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in primates,
R.I.M.Dunbar, Journal of Human Evolution, 1992</p>
</dd>
<dt class="label" id="pareto"><span class="brackets">11</span></dt>
<dd><p>Pareto principle :
<a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_principle">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_principle</a></p>
</dd>
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...@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ ...@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@
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&#169; Copyright 2020, Matograine. &#169; Copyright 2020, Matograine.
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...@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ formula : ...@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ formula :
.. math:: .. math::
:label: ud :label: ud
UD(t+1) = UD(t) + c^2 \times {M(t) \over N(t)} \mathit{UD}(t+1) = \mathit{UD}(t) + c^2 \times {M(t) \over N(t)}
Duniter is based on a decentralized Blockchain. This technical choice Duniter is based on a decentralized Blockchain. This technical choice
allows irreversibility of transaction and uncensorability of trades and allows irreversibility of transaction and uncensorability of trades and
......
...@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ...@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
.. _state-of-the-art-bitcoin-case: .. _state-of-the-art-bitcoin-case:
State of the art: Bitcoin case State of the art: Bitcoin case
------------------------------- ------------------------------
.. raw:: html .. raw:: html
...@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ technical aspects. ...@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ technical aspects.
.. _monetary-creation-a-space-time-asymmetry: .. _monetary-creation-a-space-time-asymmetry:
Monetary creation of Bitcoin: a space-time asymmetry Monetary creation of Bitcoin: a space-time asymmetry
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Space-time asymmetry refers to the relative access of individuals to Space-time asymmetry refers to the relative access of individuals to
newly created money [#RTM]_. Concretely, most existing currencies (c. 2020) newly created money [#RTM]_. Concretely, most existing currencies (c. 2020)
...@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ Trust principles, that will be exposed later. ...@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ Trust principles, that will be exposed later.
.. _proof-of-work-mining-a-power-race: .. _proof-of-work-mining-a-power-race:
Proof-of-Work mining: a power race Proof-of-Work mining: a power race
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In Bitcoin Model, the calculation and incentive principles cause a power In Bitcoin Model, the calculation and incentive principles cause a power
race: new Bitcoins are created for the owners of the most numerous, race: new Bitcoins are created for the owners of the most numerous,
...@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ the participation of low-end hardware in the Duniter network, leading to ...@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ the participation of low-end hardware in the Duniter network, leading to
a better decentralization of blockchain validation. a better decentralization of blockchain validation.
What about Proof of Stake? What about Proof of Stake?
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Proof of stake consensus algorythm was first introduced in 2012 [#PPCoin]_. Proof of stake consensus algorythm was first introduced in 2012 [#PPCoin]_.
The basic principle is to allow the richest wallets to issue blocks, The basic principle is to allow the richest wallets to issue blocks,
......
...@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ into few principles: ...@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ into few principles:
legitimate identity. legitimate identity.
The aim of the WoT is to identify a blockchain account to a living The aim of the WoT is to identify a blockchain account to a living
human. According to Lauterbach et.al [#CouchSurf]_, the strengh of a relationship human. According to Lauterbach et al. [#CouchSurf]_, the strengh of a relationship
should be considered when building a vouch system. For this reason, the should be considered when building a vouch system. For this reason, the
Ğ1 Web of Trust rules are expressed in a licence stating what WoT Ğ1 Web of Trust rules are expressed in a licence stating what WoT
certifications are. A certification represents a strong human certifications are. A certification represents a strong human
...@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ parameters individually, while Duniter sets rules for ...@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ parameters individually, while Duniter sets rules for
the whole community in the block #0, and don't let users chose their particular parameters. the whole community in the block #0, and don't let users chose their particular parameters.
Why do we need a Web of Trust? Why do we need a Web of Trust?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
There are two reasons we need it: There are two reasons we need it:
...@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ communication network. ...@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ communication network.
.. _graph-theory-vocabulary: .. _graph-theory-vocabulary:
A few foundational concepts on graph theory: a bit of vocabulary A few foundational concepts on graph theory: a bit of vocabulary
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- **Graph**: set of points -called ‘vertices’- joined by edges -called - **Graph**: set of points -called ‘vertices’- joined by edges -called
paths/walks-. paths/walks-.
...@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ The maximum size of a Sybil region therefore is: ...@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ The maximum size of a Sybil region therefore is:
.. math:: .. math::
:label: MaxSybilSize_2 :label: MaxSybilSize_2
(sigStock-sigQty) \times {1 - \left({sigStock \over 5}\right)^{5-stepAttackers}} \over {1-{sigStock \over 5}} (sigStock-sigQty) * {1 - \left({sigStock \over 5}\right)^{5-stepAttackers}} \over {1-{sigStock \over 5}}
with sigStock = 50 we have a Sybil region of: with sigStock = 50 we have a Sybil region of:
...@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ to allow one to certify at the end of every working week -five days- ...@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ to allow one to certify at the end of every working week -five days-
instead of a whole calendar one. instead of a whole calendar one.
Trust me now, trust me forever? (``sigValidity``, ``msValidity``) Trust me now, trust me forever? (``sigValidity``, ``msValidity``)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
There would be two main drawbacks to a lifetime membership in the Ğ1’s There would be two main drawbacks to a lifetime membership in the Ğ1’s
Web of Trust: Web of Trust:
......
...@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ consumption compared to BitCoin : an “ecological” PoW ? ...@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ consumption compared to BitCoin : an “ecological” PoW ?
.. _why-proof-of-work: .. _why-proof-of-work:
Why do we need Proof of Work? Why do we need Proof of Work?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Duniter nodes share a database as part of a p2p environment. The proof Duniter nodes share a database as part of a p2p environment. The proof
of work (PoW) allows machines to synchronize with each other. In of work (PoW) allows machines to synchronize with each other. In
...@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ a privacy-first internet cube. ...@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ a privacy-first internet cube.
.. _how-does-duniter-pow-work: .. _how-does-duniter-pow-work:
How does it work? How does it work?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. _the-hash: .. _the-hash:
...@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ blocktime creation by increasing itself if the creation interval drops ...@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ blocktime creation by increasing itself if the creation interval drops
under ``avgGenTime`` and vice-versa. under ``avgGenTime`` and vice-versa.
How is difficulty applied? How is difficulty applied?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''
The numeric value of difficulty is taken from an array of possible The numeric value of difficulty is taken from an array of possible
hashes out of all possible hashes. In DUBPv13 the hash of a block is its hashes out of all possible hashes. In DUBPv13 the hash of a block is its
...@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ meaning that if there are fifteen members currently forging, the ...@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ meaning that if there are fifteen members currently forging, the
member’s exclusion factor will drop down to one after five blocks. member’s exclusion factor will drop down to one after five blocks.
What is intended by “the number of members forging”? What is intended by “the number of members forging”?
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
We mean the number of members trying to create the next block. In We mean the number of members trying to create the next block. In
reality, there is no way to precisely know how many members are reality, there is no way to precisely know how many members are
......
...@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ libre Currency can be issued thanks to the Universal Dividend. ...@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ libre Currency can be issued thanks to the Universal Dividend.
More than that, Duniter proposes a new model for securing a Blockchain More than that, Duniter proposes a new model for securing a Blockchain
in an efficient and decentralized way. Basing the security on a Web of in an efficient and decentralized way. Basing the security on a Web of
Trust with an individualised security makes the calculation rules more Trust with an individualised security makes the calculation rules more
fair. A side-effect of this choice is a network consisting mostly of fair. A side effect of this choice is a network consisting mostly of
low-end computers, maintaining a good security and helping low-end computers, maintaining a good security and helping
decentralization of calculation. decentralization of calculation.
The ultimate goal of Duniter project is to allow people to participate The ultimate goal of Duniter project is to allow people to participate
in a libre economy, thanks to a libre currency. What is a libre economy in a libre economy, thanks to a libre currency. What is a libre economy?
? The Relative Theory of Money defines it through four economic The Relative Theory of Money defines it through four economic
liberties: liberties:
- The freedom to choose your currency system: because money should not - The freedom to choose your currency system: because money should not
......
.. _sources: .. _sources:
Sources : Sources
--------- -------
.. [#Bitcoin] .. [#Bitcoin]
Bitcoin Whitepaper, S.Nakamoto, 2008: Bitcoin Whitepaper, S.Nakamoto, 2008:
......